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Article summary:
1. This article undertakes a meta-analysis of causal statistical studies on the effects of PES on the livelihoods of ES suppliers in developing countries.
2. The findings suggest that PES programmes are likely to have positive but modest livelihood impacts on ES suppliers.
3. Several institutional characteristics of PES are found to be correlated with more favourable livelihood impacts, such as high payments, high degree of voluntary participation, low transaction costs and better access to alternative income sources.
Article analysis:
The article is generally reliable and trustworthy, as it is based on a meta-analysis of existing empirical evidence from ex post impact evaluation studies that use statistical methods to assign a causal link between PES and observed outcomes. The authors also provide insights into the potential biases and their sources, such as unobservable confounders when undertaking original evaluation studies on the impacts of PES.
However, there are some points that could be improved upon in terms of trustworthiness and reliability. For example, the article does not explore counterarguments or present both sides equally; instead it focuses solely on the positive aspects of PES programmes without considering any potential risks or drawbacks associated with them. Additionally, there is no mention of any possible limitations or weaknesses in the data used for the meta-analysis which could affect its accuracy or validity. Furthermore, while the authors do discuss some institutional characteristics that may be correlated with more favourable livelihood impacts, they do not provide any evidence for these claims or explore other factors that may influence outcomes.
In conclusion, while this article provides an overall reliable and trustworthy overview of the impact of PES programmes on ES suppliers in developing countries, there are still some areas where further exploration would be beneficial in order to ensure its accuracy and validity.