1. This study investigated the effects of aquatic exercise and CES therapy on cognitive function, BDNF, IGF-1, and VEGF in intellectually disabled individuals.
2. Results showed that cognitive function was significantly improved in the exercise + CES group compared to the control and exercise groups.
3. Blood BDNF and VEGF concentrations were significantly higher in the exercise and exercise + CES groups than in the control group, with a significant difference between the two exercise groups.
The article is generally reliable and trustworthy as it provides a detailed description of the research methods used, including information about the participants, aquatic training program, and CES treatment. The results are also clearly presented with statistical analysis to support them. However, there are some potential biases that should be noted. First, all participants were male intellectually disabled individuals aged 13-17 from one particular community center; thus, these results may not be generalizable to other populations or settings. Second, while this study provides evidence for improved cognitive function with aquatic exercise and CES therapy, it does not explore any potential risks associated with these interventions or any possible side effects that may occur as a result of their use. Finally, while this study provides evidence for increased BDNF and VEGF concentrations following aquatic exercise and CES therapy, it does not provide any evidence for how these changes may affect cognitive function or other outcomes over time.