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Article summary:
1. This article applies and develops the conceptual framework of transitions theory to analyze past, current, and potential future changes in the UK's energy system.
2. The multi-level perspective on technological transitions is used to distinguish between different types of technological and socio-economic changes and their potential repercussions.
3. The paper also provides important messages for policy makers related to the challenging role of policy making given the complex milieu of transitions.
Article analysis:
The article is generally reliable and trustworthy, as it draws upon established research from Dutch researcher Frank Geels and colleagues, which has been used effectively in a number of historical analyses of technological change. The article also provides an analysis of recent change in the energy system of the Netherlands, which further adds to its credibility.
However, there are some potential biases that should be noted. Firstly, the article assumes that a large-scale reduction in carbon dioxide emissions from industrialised countries will be necessary some time in the second half of this century without providing any evidence for this claim or exploring counterarguments. Secondly, while the article does provide some useful insights into how change might manifest itself, it does not explore all possible scenarios or consider other factors that could influence the transition to decarbonised energy systems in the UK such as economic or political forces. Finally, while it does provide some useful messages for policy makers related to transitioning to decarbonised energy systems, it does not explore all possible risks associated with such a transition or present both sides equally.