1. This study verifies a proposed numerical model of pavement and subgrade design in permafrost regions and evaluates temperature and settlement characteristics at different particle size and thickness of graded crushed rock layer and different thickness and location of insulation layer.
2. The results show that the temperature and settlement of the combination of graded crushed-rock layer and insulation layer decrease significantly as the particle diameter and thickness of graded crushed-rock layer increase, and vary little when the thickness of insulation layer is more than 0.15 m.
3. The optimal combination of graded crushed-rock layer and insulation layer is that the 0.15 m-thickness installation layer is at the bottom of the 0.50 m-thickness graded crushed-rock layer with the particle size of 6-8 cm.
This article provides an analysis on temperature and settlement characteristics for runway engineering in permafrost regions, using a numerical model to evaluate different combinations of graded crushed rock layers and insulation layers. The article presents its findings in a clear manner, providing evidence to support its claims, such as showing how temperature decreases significantly with increasing particle diameter or thickness, or how maximum settlement decreases when installation layers are moved from top to bottom. However, there are some potential biases present in this article which should be noted. For example, it does not explore any counterarguments or alternative solutions to this problem, nor does it provide any information on possible risks associated with this approach or other approaches that could be taken instead. Additionally, while it does provide evidence for its claims, it does not provide any sources for these claims or explain why they are reliable sources; thus making it difficult to assess their trustworthiness or reliability. Furthermore, there is no discussion on how this research could be applied in practice or what implications it may have for future research in this field; thus making it difficult to assess its practical value or usefulness beyond simply presenting its findings.