1. A new deep learning model-EntityDenseNet has been developed to retrieve ground-level PM2.5 concentrations from Himawari-8 satellite data.
2. Validation across mainland China demonstrates that EntityDenseNet has a higher accuracy achievement compared to other machine learning inversion methods.
3. EntityDenseNet can “peek inside the black box” to extract the spatio-temporal features of PM2.5, and can still extract the seasonal characteristics even without meteorological information.
The article is overall reliable and trustworthy, as it provides detailed information on the development of a new deep learning model for satellite-based real-time PM2.5 estimation, and its validation across mainland China with ground-based measurements in 2019. The article also provides evidence for its claims by comparing EntityDenseNet with four other machine learning models, demonstrating its higher accuracy achievement when retrieving hourly, daily and monthly PM2.5 concentrations over mainland China.
However, there are some potential biases in the article that should be noted. Firstly, the article does not provide any counterarguments or explore alternative solutions to the problem of retrieving ground-level PM2.5 concentrations from Himawari-8 satellite data; instead it focuses solely on EntityDenseNet as a solution to this problem without considering any other options or approaches that could be taken instead. Secondly, while the article does mention potential risks associated with using EntityDenseNet (e.g., FMF uncertainties during satellite retrievals), it does not provide any detailed information on how these risks can be mitigated or avoided when using this model for real-time PM2.5 estimation purposes. Finally, while the article does provide evidence for its claims regarding EntityDenseNet's performance compared to other machine learning models, it does not provide any evidence for its claims regarding EntityDenseNet's ability to “peek inside the black box” and extract spatio-temporal features of PM2.5 from Himawari-8 data; thus making it difficult to assess whether this claim is accurate or not without further evidence being provided by the authors of this article