1. This article provides an overview of ecosystem services markets, including approaches and metrics relevant for quantifying, incentivising and understanding trade-offs and synergies around potential co-benefits (and dis-benefits) of carbon farming.
2. Carbon farming practices offer the potential to provide a range of additional ecosystem services aside from climate regulation, such as private benefits to landholders and public goods such as environmental benefits relating to biodiversity conservation, soil and water quality, and cultural benefits such as Indigenous community development.
3. The article reviews previous studies on the potential co-benefits of carbon farming in Australia and it identifies various metrics they have developed or proposed, as well as metrics used in other Australian market-based schemes.
The article is generally reliable and trustworthy. It provides an overview of ecosystem services markets related to carbon farming in Oceania, drawing on various approaches and metrics developed through previous research into co-benefits or applied in other Australian payment for ecosystem services (PES) schemes. The article is well researched with references to relevant studies that support its claims. It also presents both sides of the argument equally by discussing both the potential benefits and dis-benefits associated with carbon farming practices.
The only potential bias that could be identified is that the article focuses mainly on the positive aspects of carbon farming without exploring any possible risks or negative impacts associated with it. This could be addressed by providing more information about possible risks associated with carbon farming practices such as deforestation or soil degradation due to overgrazing or inappropriate fire management techniques. Additionally, more information about how these risks can be mitigated would be beneficial for readers who are unfamiliar with this topic.