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Article summary:
1. Butachlor is a chloroacetanilide herbicide that has been found to be highly toxic to zebrafish embryos.
2. Exposure to butachlor caused malformations in the embryos, including pericardial edema and yolk sac edema, which showed concentration-dependent responses.
3. Butachlor also caused endocrine disruption, developmental toxicity and immunotoxicity in the zebrafish embryo, with bidirectional interactions between the endocrine system and the immune system possibly present.
Article analysis:
The article is generally reliable and trustworthy as it provides evidence for its claims through research conducted on zebrafish embryos exposed to butachlor concentrations from 4 to 20 μM until 84 hours postfertilization (hpf). The results demonstrate that butachlor was highly toxic to zebrafish embryos, causing malformations such as pericardial edema (PE) and yolk sac edema (YSE), which showed concentration-dependent responses. The article also provides evidence for its claims of endocrine disruption, developmental toxicity and immunotoxicity in the zebrafish embryo by analyzing gene transcription levels of estrogen-responsive genes such as Vtg1 and ERα, as well as innate immune system-related genes such as IL-1β, CC-chem, CXCL-C1c and IL-8. Furthermore, the article cites several other studies related to butachlor exposure in fish that support its findings.
The only potential bias in this article is that it does not explore any counterarguments or alternative explanations for its findings. However, this does not significantly detract from the overall trustworthiness of the article since it provides sufficient evidence for its claims through research conducted on zebrafish embryos exposed to butachlor concentrations from 4 to 20 μM until 84 hours postfertilization (hpf).