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Article summary:
1. Pesticide impacts are usually discussed in terms of applied amounts, but this study looks at the type, amount, and toxicity of pesticides applied over the last 25 years.
2. The toxicity of insecticides to aquatic invertebrates and pollinators has increased substantially, driven by highly toxic pyrethroids and neonicotinoids respectively.
3. Increases in plant toxicity have been driven by herbicides, while insecticide toxicity has increased for both aquatic invertebrates and terrestrial arthropods (non-pollinators).
Article analysis:
The article is generally reliable and trustworthy as it is based on high-quality data from reputable sources such as the US Geological Survey (USGS), US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), European Union (EU), and other peer-reviewed studies. The authors provide evidence to support their claims with figures and tables that illustrate their findings. Additionally, they discuss potential risks associated with pesticide use and provide insights into how these risks can be mitigated.
However, there are some potential biases in the article that should be noted. For example, the authors focus mainly on US agriculture when discussing pesticide use trends, which may not accurately reflect global trends in pesticide use or its effects on biodiversity. Additionally, the authors do not explore counterarguments or present both sides equally when discussing GM crops; instead they focus mainly on the potential risks associated with herbicide-tolerant GM crops without considering any potential benefits or advantages of using them. Finally, there is a lack of discussion about possible long-term effects of pesticide use on biodiversity or human health which could be explored further in future research.