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Article summary:

1. Particle-resolved direct numerical simulations (PR-DNS) of a multiphase flow are nearly free of closure assumptions, but require the details of the flow around the particles to be fully resolved.

2. The Euler–Lagrange (EL) approach is an alternative that has been widely used, where the fluid-phase governing equations have been filtered and all microscale flow features below the filter scale are averaged out.

3. A major quest of multiphase flow research has been the development of force models on particles that approach the accuracy of a perfect closure model, which should depend on the current state and past history of its motion, other particles, and macroscale flow field.

Article analysis:

The article “Toward particle-resolved accuracy in Euler–Lagrange simulations of multiphase flow using machine learning and pairwise interaction extended point-particle (PIEP) approximation” provides an overview of two approaches for simulating multiphase flows: particle-resolved direct numerical simulations (PR-DNS) and Euler–Lagrange (EL). The article is well written and provides a clear explanation of both approaches as well as their advantages and disadvantages. It also outlines a major quest in multiphase flow research – developing force models on particles that approach the accuracy of a perfect closure model – and discusses what such a model would entail.

The article is reliable in terms of its content; however, it does not provide any evidence or sources to support its claims about PR-DNS or EL approaches or their respective advantages/disadvantages. Additionally, it does not explore any counterarguments or potential risks associated with either approach. Furthermore, while it mentions machine learning as part of its title, it does not discuss this topic in detail within the body text. As such, readers may be misled into thinking that machine learning plays a larger role than it actually does in this article’s discussion about PR-DNS and EL approaches for simulating multiphase flows.

In conclusion, this article provides an informative overview about PR-DNS and EL approaches for simulating multiphase flows; however, it lacks evidence to support its claims as well as exploration into potential risks associated with either approach or discussion about machine learning beyond its title.