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Article summary:
1. This paper develops an optimal power flow model for ac and dc grids, providing non-linear formulations, convex relaxations and linear approximations of the ac and dc grid power flow equations.
2. A generic HVDC converter station model is used to represent LCC, VSC and MMC type converters, including transformers, phase reactors and filters.
3. The accompanying open source implementation can easily be extended further with different power flow formulations and problem types.
Article analysis:
The article provides a comprehensive overview of the optimal power flow model for AC–DC grids, including non-linear formulations, convex relaxations and linear approximations of the AC and DC grid power flow equations. The authors provide a detailed description of the various models used in their analysis as well as an open source implementation which can be extended further with different power flow formulations and problem types.
The article appears to be reliable in terms of its content; however, there are some potential biases that should be noted. For example, the authors focus primarily on European offshore HVDC grids while neglecting other regions such as India or China where HVDC has become increasingly important in recent years. Additionally, the authors do not explore any counterarguments or present any evidence to support their claims regarding the benefits of HVDC systems for system security or ancillary services. Furthermore, they do not discuss any potential risks associated with using HVDC systems or present both sides equally when discussing their advantages over traditional AC grids.
In conclusion, while this article provides a comprehensive overview of optimal power flow models for AC–DC grids, it does have some potential biases that should be noted when assessing its trustworthiness and reliability.