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Article analysis:

This article provides an overview of the use of high-density microelectrode arrays (HD-MEAs) for simultaneous observation and elicitation of activity in selected individual neurons at cellular and subcellular resolution. The authors propose analytical approaches to reveal correlations between spatiotemporal features of extracellular action potentials (APs) and effective stimulation voltages, as well as strategies for noninvasive identification and selective stimulation of individual neurons in large cortical networks interfaced with HD-MEAs. They also explore the limits of targeted extracellular stimulation of different neuronal compartments (soma, AIS, proximal and distal axonal segments), demonstrating a method to achieve selective orthodromic and antidromic stimulation while using low stimulation voltages.

The article is generally reliable in its presentation, providing evidence from existing studies to support its claims. However, it does not provide any counterarguments or alternative perspectives on the topic, which could be beneficial for readers looking for a more comprehensive understanding. Additionally, some claims are made without sufficient evidence or explanation; for example, the authors state that “conflicting reports exist in the literature about effective neuronal sites for electrical stimulation” without providing any examples or further elaboration on this point. Furthermore, there is no discussion about possible risks associated with electrical identification or selective microstimulation; this should be addressed if these techniques are to be used clinically.

In conclusion, this article provides an informative overview on electrical identification and selective microstimulation based on features of extracellular APs; however, it could benefit from further exploration into counterarguments or alternative perspectives on the