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Article summary:
1. The 3-D structure of clay smears in normal faults is not well understood, and outcrop studies to date are mainly 2-D.
2. This study presents a 3-D observation of an excavated normal fault with clay smear, together with both source layers, in unlithified sand and clay.
3. Clay smears are strongly affected by R and R' shears, mostly at the footwall side, and grain-scale mixing can lead to thickening of the low permeability smears.
Article analysis:
The article provides a detailed description of the 3-D structure of clay smears in normal faults, which is an important problem in applied and basic geoscience. The authors present a 3-D study of an excavated normal fault with clay smear, together with both source layers, in unlithified sand and clay from the Hambach open-cast lignite mine in Germany. The article is well written and provides clear evidence for its claims. However, it does not explore any counterarguments or potential risks associated with this type of research. Additionally, it does not provide any information on how this research could be used to improve current practices or technologies related to hydrocarbon exploration or groundwater management. Furthermore, there is no discussion on how this research could be used to inform policy decisions related to these topics. In conclusion, while the article provides a detailed description of the 3-D structure of clay smears in normal faults, it does not provide any insights into potential applications or implications for current practices or policies related to hydrocarbon exploration or groundwater management.
Topics for further research:
Hydrocarbon exploration risks
Groundwater management implications
Policy decisions related to hydrocarbon exploration
Policy decisions related to groundwater management
Potential applications of clay smear research
Improving current practices related to hydrocarbon exploration and groundwater management